On march 23, 2014, the world health organization who reported cases of ebola virus disease evd in the forested rural region of southeastern guinea. Over the course of the last 4 decades there have been a how to cite this article walsh and haseeb 2015, the landscape configuration of zoonotic transmission of ebola virus disease in west. The west african ebola virus disease epidemic started in resourceconstrained settings and caused thousands of fatalities during the last epidemic. Annex 2 planned response to the ebola virus disease epidemic in guinea pdf, 512kb. Evaluation of the usaidofda ebola virus disease outbreak. After ebola in west africa world health organization. Prepared by the joint information center, emergency operations center, centers for disease control and prevention key messages ebola virus disease, west africa updated october 30, 2014 newly updated information is indicated in red the centers for disease control and prevention cdc is working with other u. Care and protection of children in the west african ebola. An ecological, one health approach article pdf available in pan african medical journal 21 september 2015 with 89 reads how we measure reads. Pdf impact of the ebola virus disease outbreak on market.
Data are from world health organization ebola virus disease situation reports. A work of art for educating about ebola virus disease emerges on the wall at a. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa ecdc. Ebola virus disease is caused by four of five viruses classified in the genus ebolavirus. There have been concerns that the different cultural roles or physiology of male and female persons may have resulted in the sexes being differently affected during this outbreak. Mammalian biogeography and the ebola virus in africa.
Oct 03, 2014 the ebola outbreak in west africa is an unprecedented human tragedy. Ebola virus disease outbreak west africa, september 2014. Ebola response impact on public health programs, west. Between december 20 and april 2016, the larg est epidemic of ebola virus disease evd to date. Dec 03, 2014 prepared by the joint information center, emergency operations center, centers for disease control and prevention key messages ebola virus disease, west africa updated december 3, 2014 newly updated information is indicated in boldblue the centers for disease control and prevention cdc is working with other u. This assessment does not cover the ongoing evd outbreak in the democratic republic of congo or the outbreak of marburg virus disease in uganda. Ebola virus disease in west africa south african perspectives. The ebola virus can cause severe viral haemorrhagic fever ebola hf outbreaks in humans with a case fatality rate of up to 90%. Of the four disease causing viruses, ebola virus formerly and often still called the zaire ebola virus is dangerous and is the virus responsible for the epidemic in western africa.
The international humanitarian community utilized its expertise in rapid response and scale up in emergency situations to manage a threat different from the more common humanitarian. The landscape configuration of zoonotic transmission of. Oct 24, 2014 prepared by the joint information center, emergency operations center, centers for disease control and prevention key messages ebola virus disease, west africa updated october 24, 2014 newly updated information is indicated in red the centers for disease control and prevention cdc is working with other u. Eleven cases have been reported, including these four cases and seven cases medically evacuated from other countries. Perspectives on west africa ebola virus disease outbreak. The ebola virus epidemic burst in west africa in late 20, started in guinea, reached in a few months an alarming diffusion, actually involving several countries liberia, sierra leone, nigeria, senegal, and mali.
Ebola virus disease evd first emerged in 1976 in what are today the democratic republic of the congo and south sudan. From december 20 to august 11, 2015, a total of 20,035 confirmed and probable cases of ebola virus disease evd were reported in guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. Reemergence of ebola virus in africa centers for disease. The natural reservoir of lassa virus is the multimammate rat mastomys. Nevertheless, given population mobility, international travel, and an increasingly globalized economy, it has the potential to reoccur and evolve into a.
As of 27 june 2015 week 25, who has reported 27 541 confirmed, probable and suspected cases of ebola virus disease evd, including 11 235 deaths, from 10 countries affected by the ebola outbreak in west africa. In 2017, nigeria experienced the largest documented outbreak. Ebola virus disease in west africa no early end to the outbreak margaret chan, m. The present epidemic of evd is being regarded as an unprecedented major outbreak of west africa involving liberia, sierra leone, guinea and nigeria. The 2014 ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa. Ebola virus disease evd is a zoonosis that causes severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans 1. It was the largest ebola epidemic in the history and the first to affect multiple countries simultaneously. Emerging infectious diseases in africa in the 21st century ncbi. Flag icons denote the first announcements of confirmed cases by the respective nationstates, their first deaths, and their first secondary transmissions, as well as relevant sessions and announcements of agencies such as the world health organization who, the u. Prepared over a period of one year from september 2015 to september 2016, unicef, in partnership with relevant agencies and governments, presents feedback and lessons learned from the child protection programme during the ebola virus disease evd epidemic response in west africa. Public health impact of the 20142015 ebola outbreak in. Perspectives on west africa ebola virus disease outbreak, 20. In accordance with the procedures at reference, eadrcc has received on 01 september 2014, an assistance request from united nations office for coordination of.
Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west. The latitude and longitude of each recorded locality were then derived. We describe capacitybuilding efforts during and after the ebola epidemic in liberia, sierra leone, and guinea and public health. Rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, 8 april 2014 2 public health issue to assess the risk of introduction and transmission of ebolavirus in the eu associated with the ongoing and rapidly. This article covers the timeline of the 2014 ebola virus epidemic in west africa and its outbreaks elsewhere. Evaluation of convalescent plasma for ebola virus disease. Recent loss of closed forests is associated with ebola. The outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa is unprecedented in many ways, including the high proportion of doctors, nurses, and other health care workers who have been infected.
Before 1995, the last identified outbreak of ebola disease in africa occurred in 1979, when the sudan subtype of ebola virus infected 34 persons. It contains information on the west saharan response to ebola as well as highlights from the field in west africa from dr. Unintended consequences of the bushmeat ban in west. From origins to outbreak covers ebola virus disease in its entirety from its origins through major outbreaks in the past to the present day outbreak. The variety of factors that contributed to the initial undetected spread of ebola virus disease in west africa during 202016 and the difficulty. Since the discovery of ebola virus in 1976 via traditional viral culture techniques and electron microscopy, diagnostic.
Cases of the ebola virus disease in nigeria were reported in 2014 as a small part of the epidemic of ebola virus disease commonly known as ebola which originated in guinea that represented the first outbreak of the disease in a west african country. Ebola virus disease evd was first discovered in the democratic republic of the congo in 1976, and by 20 had caused approximately 20 recorded outbreaks across east and central africa. In such a case, contact tracing should confirm the exposure and prevent further spread of the disease through monitoring the exposed traveller. European centre for disease prevention and control. Emerging and reemerging viral diseases in africa in 21st century. More information on ebola virus disease can be found in the ecdc factsheet for health professionals. Ebola virus disease in west africa no early end to the outbreak. The cumulative clinical observations of physicians who cared for more than 700 patients with ebola virus disease in liberia between august and october of this year support a rational approach to ev. Ebola in west africacdcs role in epidemic detection. The 20142015 ebola virus disease evd outbreak was unique in geography and extent, with most of the 28 610 cases and 11 308 deaths, including among healthcare workers hcw, occurring in guinea, liberia and sierra leone.
With the aim of gaining more information to control this disease, we here carry out a. Ebola virus disease who regional office for africa. The massive outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa between 20 and 2016 resulted in intense efforts to evaluate the efficacy of several specific countermeasures developed through years of preclinical work, including the first clinical trials for therapeutics and vaccines. Ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa, 20142015. The 2014 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa is the longest, largest, deadliest. Body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from ebola blood, vomit, pee, poop, sweat, semen, spit, other fluids 2. Distribution of ebola virus disease prevalence probability for west africa countries. Zoonotic transmission of evd requires contact between susceptible human hosts and the reservoir species for ebolaviruses, which are believed to be fruit bats. A separate outbreak of evd is also occurring in the democratic republic of congo. Without a specific treatment, management of patients with ebola virus disease consists of the provision of supportive and, as required and when possible, critical care, on the basis of the pathophysiological similarities between, on the one hand, ebola virus disease and, on the other hand, septic and possible hypovolaemic shock. Geographic distribution of diagnostic laboratories currently or previously operational in west africa during the 20142015 ebola virus response, as of december 9, 2015. Pdf ebola virus disease in west africathe first 9 months. Located on the atlantic coast of west africa, guinea is the first country in this geographical region in which an outbreak of evd has occurred, leaving. Ebola virus disease among male and female persons in west.
In late 1989, in reston, virginia, a novel ebola virus infected a colony of cynomolgus macaques that had been imported from the philippines 6. Laboratory diagnosis of ebola virus disease plays a critical role in outbreak response efforts. Pdf on jan 7, 2016, tom koch and others published ebola in west africa. Significant national and international delay in response to the epidemic resulted in 28,652 cases and 11,325 deaths.
It is active against influenza viruses, west nile virus, yellow fever virus, foot and mouth disease virus, as well as other flaviviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, and alphaviruses. According to the latest world health organization update, a total of 6,574 ebola cases had been reported as of september 23 from five west africa countries guinea, liberia, nigeria, senegal, and sierra leone. In december 2014, ebola virus cases in the united states occurred due to four laboratoryconfirmed cases of ebola virus disease commonly known as ebola in the united states. Ebola virus disease in west africa the first 9 months of. The western african ebola virus epidemic 202016 was the most widespread outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in historycausing major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region, mainly in guinea, liberia and sierra leone. Prepared by the joint information center, emergency operations center, centers for disease control and prevention key messages ebola virus disease, west africa updated october 9, 2014 newly updated information is indicated in red the centers for disease control and prevention cdc is working with other u. Marquez lead health specialist world bank health, nutrition and population. Ebola virus disease, west africa update 31 july 2014 epidemiology and surveillance the world health organization who continues to monitor the evolution of the ebola virus disease evd outbreak in sierra leone, liberia, guinea and nigeria. An epidemiological analysis of ebola virus disease in west africa was performed based on 26 593 cases from march 2014 to may 2015. The identification of these early cases marked the beginning of the west africa ebola epidemic, the largest in history. Previous outbreaks had been confined to countries in central africa.
Interim guidance about ebola virus infection for airline flight crews. The landscape configuration of zoonotic transmission of ebola. Ebola virus disease outbreak response plan in west africa pdf, 929kb. Compared to the peak of the outbreak, the number of new cases per day has decreased by 92. West african ebola virus epidemic timeline wikipedia. A localized outbreak may seem to be over but, as epidemiologists in west africa discovered, it may proceed underground, seeking a new fuel for its expansion.
Annex 1 who strategic action plan for ebola outbreak response pdf, 506kb. Since ebola virus disease was identified in west africa on march 23, 2014, the centers for disease control and prevention cdc has undertaken the most intensive response in the agencys history. But the horror of the ebola outbreak in west africa may drive change. Ebola virus disease outbreak occurring in guinea, liberia. This assessment does not cover the ongoing evd outbreak in the democratic republic of congo. Faos strategy against the ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa focused on supporting lifesaving activities and safeguarding food security, nutrition and livelihoods. A risk analysis approach to prioritizing epidemics. Ebola virus disease in west africa the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections article pdf available in new england journal of medicine 37116.
This notice designates the ebola virus disease evd outbreak occurring in the west african countries of guinea, liberia, and sierra leone as a qualified disaster for. The drug is approved in japan for influenza pandemics and is effective against ebola virus in mouse models. Prepared by the joint information center, emergency operations center, centers for disease control and prevention key messages ebola virus disease, west africa updated september 24, 2014 newly updated information is indicated in red the centers for disease control and prevention cdc is working with other u. The uk is calling on the international community to step up its support now and prevent this crisis. The 2014 ebola virus disease evd outbreak affected several countries worldwide, including six west african countries. As of september 14, 2014, a total of 4507 confirmed and probable cases of ebola virus disease evd, as well as 2296 deaths from the virus, had been reported from five countries in west africa guinea, liberia, nigeria, senegal, and sierra leone. Information contained in these slides is constantly changing and updated every friday.
These had been restricted to rural areas and confined to small clusters of villages. West africa ebola outbreak largest ebola outbreak in. The recent outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in west africa has been the worst ever witnessed. Ebola virus disease outbreak response plan in west africa a call for action 1. In march 2014, the world health organization who reported a major ebola outbreak in guinea, a western african nation, the disease then rapidly spread to the neighboring countries of liberia and sierra leone with smaller outbreaks occurring in senegal, nigeria, and mali.
Chantal reusken, erasmus mc, rotterdam, the netherlands. The lesson is that every infectious disease event has the potential to become a regional epidemic, even when previous outbreaks have been locally contained. Ebola virus disease, west africa update 31 july 2014 who. The western african ebola virus epidemic 202016 was the most widespread outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in historycausing major loss of life. Rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, seventh update, 17 oct 2014 3 disease background information infections with ebola viruses originating from africa cause a severe disease in humans called ebola virus disease. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, fourth update, 3 sep 2014. Pdf ebola virus disease in west africa the first 9 months.
From crisis to more resilient health systems patricio v. The epidemic is severely affecting guinea, liberia and sierra leone. Prepared by the joint information center, emergency operations center, centers for disease control and prevention key messages ebola virus disease, west africa updated october 2, 2014 newly updated information is indicated in red the centers for disease control and prevention cdc is working with other u. Ebola virus disease evd is an emerging infectious disease of zoonotic origin that has been responsible for high mortality and significant social disruption in west and central africa. West african ebola virus epidemic timeline of reported. A humanitarian response to the west african ebola virus. Rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, seventh update, 17 oct 2014 4 a number of candidate treatments have shown promise in nonhuman primate models, although none of these drugs are licensed for treatment of evd and their availability is currently limited. Guinea and liberia, the first nations affected by the outbreak, have put in place measures to contain the spread, supported by international organizations. Prepared by the joint information center, emergency operations center, centers for disease control and prevention key messages ebola virus disease, west africa updated march 12, 2015 newly updated information is indicated in boldblue the centers for disease control and prevention cdc is working with other u. Ebola virus disease in west africathe first 9 months article pdf available in new england journal of medicine 3722. We combine two different biogeographical approaches. As of 9 january 2015, a total of 21,086 confirmed, probable and suspected cases of ebola virus disease evd have been reported, with 8,289 reported deaths in five currently affected countries guinea, liberia, mali, sierra leone and the united kingdom and four previously affected countries nigeria, senegal, spain and the united states 1,2.
Epidemiological features and trends of ebola virus disease in. The ebola virus can cause severe viral haemorrhagic fever ebola hf outbreaks in. Oct 11, 2015 ebola virus disease evd started as a minor infection in uganda in 1974 and has been frequent in central africa region for the past 40 years. The united states government usg support for the ebola virus disease evd outbreak response in west africa was led by the united states agency for international development usaidunited states bureau for democracy, conflict and humanitarian assistance dchaoffice of united states. The west african subcontinent is currently experiencing its first, and ironically, the largest and longest ebola viral diseases evd outbreak. Infectious disease news the ebola virus was first recognized as a human pathogen in 1976, when outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred in areas of sudan and zaire between august and november of. Ebola virus disease in west africa clinical manifestations. Ebola virus disease west africa, 2014 preparing for and responding to potential cases in nyc new york city department of health and mental hygiene note. Ebola virus disease west africa, 2014 new york city.
These questions can be answered with a single word. Oct 22, 2014 ebola virus disease outbreak west africa executive brief 22 october 2014 highlights w the current ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa is the worlds largest ebola outbreak recorded to date. An outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in west africa, with onset in early. Case study ebola outbreak in west africa the ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if left untreated. In this paper, we map favourable areas for ebola virus in africa according to environmental and zoogeographical descriptors, independent of humantohuman transmissions. The 20142016 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa was of unprecedented magnitude with a total of 28,616 suspected, probable, and confirmed cases reported in guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. The figure above is a bar chart showing the cumulative number of ebola virus disease cases reported in five countries in west africa during march 29september 20, 2014. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate of up to 90% caused by ebola virus, a member of the filovirus family. Original article from the new england journal of medicine ebola virus disease in west africa the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. Analysis of the short and mediumterm costs of the ebola epidemic should spur governments of nonaffected countries to act quickly to put in place preventive measures. Evd was first identified in africa in 1976 2 and since then is estimated to have killed.
This injunction was accompanied by public health messages emphasising the infectious potential of. For over 40 years, ebola was treated as an african disease, called a fever and known by other names where occurrences have been frequent. March 2014, the largest outbreak to date occurred in guinea, and has now spread to other parts of west. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west african. Who ebola virus disease outbreak response plan in west. Annex 3 liberia operational plan for accelerated response to reoccurrence of ebola epidemic pdf, 505kb. Rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, th update, october 2015 3 countries with importationrelated cases or clusters, with or without local transmission, excluding repatriated cases these cases represent patients who developed symptoms and were diagnosed with evd in the country under. Lessons we may have learned find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Ebola virus disease 202014 outbreak in west africa. Prepared by the joint information center, emergency operations center, centers for disease control and prevention key messages ebola virus disease, west africa updated november 19, 2014 newly updated information is indicated in boldblue the centers for disease control and prevention cdc is working with other u. This is the first documented ebolavirus outbreak in west africa.